Japanese Particles

Welcome to our first lesson on Japanese grammar. Studying a language isn’t always fun, but you have to know your basic Japanese grammar. In the next three post we shall look at the importance of particles. When I studied for the Japanese Language Proficiency Test I spent quite a lot of time learning particles and how to correctly use them. Particles in Japanese are called じょし . An easy way to remember them is  てにをは – after the て form verb and the three quintessential particles に, を and は. In short particles  give grammatical meaning to words or phrases that precede them.

You will find learning and using Japanese particles quite challenging. As the Japanese language  divides the perception of processes and states in a drastically different way to western languages, particles are very different. Some particles do correspond to western prepositions and postpositions. However,  there are particles which don’t just have one translation, but translate to many different things in western language. Learning these particles and all their applications can chew up your study time. One of the main reasons why many students avoid making a strong comittment to learn Japanese grammar.

However, you must learn the basics. Without knowing a certain number of prepositions it is reasonably safe to say that you cannot use Japanese to any real extent. Simply put you have got to know how to use particles correctly.   If you don’t you won’t be able to hold anything that comes even close to a consistent short and simple conversation. We are going to take a look at 10 all important particles. Almost all Japanese particles have several meanings.  You must know at least the first meaning of each of these particles.

The Japanese Particle が

This particle denotes the subject of an operative word (regardless of whether the operative is actually explicitly used in the sentence). Simple sentences that illustrate this use are:

だれが来ましたか。　－　Who came [here]?
コーヒーが好きです。－　[I] like coffee.

In these sentences が links the subjects, respectively [who] and [coffee], to their operatives [come] and [like]. An important general rule to remember is whenever something not-yet-talked-about is being mentioned in a conversation, が is used. Also, when asking questions in relation to something unknown, が is used because this too is something new.

A second use of が is as a weak “but”:

すみませんが、今何時ですか。Excuse me but, what time is?

In contrast, but acts more like a gentle in-sentence conjugation particle, gluing the two pieces together with only a moderate level of contrast at best.